Cost accounting systems provide timely unit product costs through the use of perpetual inventory procedures and predetermined factory overhead rates. To introduce the basic ideas of cost accounting system， we present a simplified illustration to show the flow of product costs as follows：

　　成本會計系統(tǒng)通過使用永續(xù)盤存制和預定的制造費用分配率定期提供產(chǎn)品的單位成本。為了介紹成本會計系統(tǒng)的基本概念，現(xiàn)舉一個簡例來表述產(chǎn)品成本流程如下：

　　Acquisition of Materials：Materials inventory account rather than purchases account will be debited under a perpetual inventory system. Both raw materials and factory supplies are included in the inventory account. Materials ledger cards for each type of material or factory supply used make up the subsidiary record.（All figures are assumed）

　　材料的取得：在永續(xù)盤存制下，將借記材料盤存賬戶而非購料賬戶。原料和工廠用物料都包括在盤存賬戶中。為每一類原料設(shè)置的材料分類卡構(gòu)成了輔助記錄。（數(shù)字都是假設(shè)的）

　?。?） Materials Inventory 1，000

　　Accounts Payable 1，000

　　（1）材料盤存 1，000

　　應(yīng)付賬款 1，000

　　Recording Factory Payroll：The total factory payroll includes both direct and indirect labor.

　　工廠工薪的記錄：工廠工薪總額中包括直接人工和間接人工。

　?。?）Factory Payroll 6，000

　　Factory Payroll Payable 6，000

　?。?）工廠工薪 6，000

　　應(yīng)付工廠工薪 6，000

　　Recording Other Factory Costs as Overhead：Various items other than materials and labor costs are charged to Factory Overhead account.

　　其他工廠成本記錄為制造費用：除材料和人工成本以外的各個項目記入制造費用賬戶。

　?。?） Factory Overhead 800

　　Accumulated Depreciation 200

　　Prepaid Insurance 150

　　Accrued Utilities Payable 100

　　Various Accounts 350

　?。?）制造費用 800

　　累計折舊 200

　　預付保險費 150

　　應(yīng)計未付公用事業(yè)費100

　　其他各賬戶 350

　　At this point， all product costs have been accumulated into debit balances in the Materials Inventory， Factory Payroll， and Factory Overhead account. We are now ready to trace these costs through Work in Process and Finished Goods to the Cost of Goods Sold account.

　　這時，產(chǎn)品的全部成本已累積為材料盤存，工廠工薪和制造費用等賬戶的借方余額?，F(xiàn)在就可以跟蹤這些成本，通過在制品和制成品賬戶轉(zhuǎn)至銷貨成本賬戶。

　　Recording Requisitions of Raw Materials and Factory Supplies：This entry reflects the requisition （evidenced by the material requisitions） of all materials to be used in production. Raw materials（or direct materials） are charged directly to the Work in Process account. Costs of factory supplies（or indirect materials） become part of factory overhead.

　　 原料和工廠用物料領(lǐng)用的記錄：這筆記錄反映將在生產(chǎn)中耗用的全部材料的領(lǐng)用（由領(lǐng)料單證明）。原料（即直接材料）應(yīng)直接借記在制品賬戶，工廠用物料（即間接材料）的成本則成為制造費用的一部分。

　?。?） Work in Process 600

　　Factory Overhead 200

　　Materials Inventory 800

　　 （4）在制品 600

　　制造費用 200

　　材料盤存 800

　　Recording Distribution of Factory Payroll：Work in Process is debited for the direct labor and Factory Overhead is debited for the indirect labor. The total factory payroll is distributed， leaving a zero balance in the Factory Payroll account. The division of total factory payroll into direct and indirect labor is based on a detailed analysis of the job description， wage rates and hours worked of each employee （evidenced by such documents as the time tickets）。

　　工廠工薪分配的記錄：直接人工應(yīng)借記在制品賬戶，間接人工則借記制造費用賬戶。工廠工薪的總額既已分配，工廠工薪賬戶留下的余額就等于零，把工廠工薪總額區(qū)分為直接人工和間接人工，要根據(jù)對工作說明，工資率以及每一雇員的工作時數(shù)的詳細分析（由計時單這樣一些憑證證明）。

　?。?） Work in Process 500

　　Factory overhead 100

　　Factory payroll 600

　?。?）在制品 500

　　制造費用 100

　　工廠工薪 600

　　Recording Application of Factory Overhead：Most firms do not apply the actual amount of overhead incurred each period to the goods manufactured during that period. Instead， overhead is applied at average rates that reflect estimates of total annual production volume and total overhead costs for the year. Predetermined overhead rates are computed by estimating the coming year's total factory overhead cost and dividing it by an estimate of some unit of activity （such as direct labor hours， direct labor costs or factory machine hours ）。

　　制造費用分配的記錄：大多數(shù)企業(yè)不是按照每期實際發(fā)生的制造費用金額分配于該期內(nèi)制造的產(chǎn)品，而是按照反映全年總產(chǎn)量和全年制造費用總額估計數(shù)的平均分配率來分配制造費用。在計算預定制造費用分配率時，要估計翌年的制造費用總額，而后除以某種估計的工作量（例如直接人工小時，直接人工成本，或工廠機器工作小時）。

　?。?） Work Process 1，200

　　Factory Overhead 1，200

　　（240% of direct labor cost）

　?。?）在制品 1，200

　　制造費用 1，200

　?。ㄖ苯尤斯こ杀镜?40%）

　　Recording Completed Production：This entry reflects the assignment of costs to completed production and the transfer of those costs from Work in Process to Finished Goods. 完工產(chǎn)品的記錄：這一分錄反映分配于完工產(chǎn)品的成本，并把這些成本從在制品賬戶轉(zhuǎn)入制成品賬戶。

　?。?） Finished Goods 2，000

　　Work in Process 2，000

　　（7）制成品 2，000

　　在制品 2，000

　　Suppose that the firm produces a single product and the units completed in that period are 1，000 the unit product cost would be $2. 假設(shè)該企業(yè)只生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品，當期的完工產(chǎn)量為1，000件，則產(chǎn)品單位成本為$2.

　　Recording Cost of Goods Sold：This entry transfers the cost of finished products sold （700 unit @ $2） to the Cost of Goods Sold account. 銷貨成本的記錄：這一分錄將已出售的制成品成本（700件@$2）轉(zhuǎn)入銷貨成本賬戶。

　　（8） Cost of Goods Sold 1，400

　　Finished Goods 1，400

　?。?）銷貨成本 1，400

　　制成品 1，400

　　Under-or overapplied overhead （an overapplied overhead $50 in our example ） is expected at the end of interim accounting periods and is shown as deferred debits or credits on interim balance sheets. If the amount is immaterial， it is closed to Cost of Goods Sold at year-end； if material， it may be allocated among the Work in Process， Finished Goods and Cost of Goods Sold accounts.

　　在年度內(nèi)各會計期期末，可望出現(xiàn)少分配或多分配制造費用（例中為多分配制造費用$50，在中期資產(chǎn)負債表上列示為遞延借項或遞延貸項。如金額不大，在年終時將結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)于銷貨成本賬戶；如金額巨大，則可在在制品，制成品和銷貨成本等賬戶之間進行分配。