Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences
石油地質(zhì)學與其它科學
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology （the study of rocks） to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.
1、石油地質(zhì)學是地質(zhì)學（巖石研究）在油氣勘探開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)中的應用。地質(zhì)學本身是以化學、物理和生物學為基礎，應用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在過去，這些資料主要憑主觀觀察獲取�，F(xiàn)在借助物理和化學手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質(zhì)學和石油地質(zhì)學，仍然特別依賴于基于經(jīng)驗的數(shù)值判斷和對現(xiàn)有資料的有效性評估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks （geochemistry） has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, preserved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化學應用到石油地質(zhì)的巖石研究（地球化學）中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲層的分布和質(zhì)量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結(jié)論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲層礦物學的詳細知識可以幫助我們估計出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細的礦物組分資料對于準確地解釋儲層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學組成及其對巖石穩(wěn)定性的影響，有助于預測哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因膠結(jié)作用而變差，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度保持不變，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.
3、有機化學則可應用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動物組織的成巖作用，研究動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為合成有機化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks （geophysics） is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地質(zhì)中，將物理應用到巖石研究（地球物理）中很重要。地球物理的廣泛應用對于了解地殼，尤其是應用了現(xiàn)代板塊構造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時需要物理概念。
5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps. Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology, porosity, and petroleum content of a reservoir.
5、利用現(xiàn)代石油勘探手段尋找潛在的石油圈閉時，如果沒有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同樣，如果沒有地球物理電纜測井測量巖性、孔隙度和儲層中石油的含量，對任何發(fā)現(xiàn)的圈閉也不可能做到有效評價。
6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways, notably through the study of fossils （paleontology）, and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation, caused by oil exploration, has already been noted. Ecology, the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Carbonate sediments, in general, and reefs, in particular, can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation.
6、生物學可以從幾個方面應用于地質(zhì)學。較為明顯的是用于化石研究（古生物學），同時，生物學對區(qū)域地層對比和建立生物層序地層帶具有極為重要的意義。由石油勘探引起的劃帶重點化石已經(jīng)顯然由大化石轉(zhuǎn)移到微體化石。生態(tài)學，即研究生物與其環(huán)境之間關系的科學，在石油地質(zhì)中也很重要。碳酸鹽巖沉積物，特別是生物礁，只有在現(xiàn)代海洋動物群落和植物群落生態(tài)學詳細資料的幫助下才能獲得有益的研究成果。生物學，尤其是生物化學，對于埋藏過程中動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為干酪根并由此生成石油和天然氣的研究很重要。
7. Geologists, in contrast to some nongeologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms, which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail. If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.
7、地質(zhì)學家相對于非地質(zhì)學家來說，更相信了解地質(zhì)概念有助于尋找石油。而且，常常認為石油地質(zhì)和石油勘探是同義詞，而實際上并非如此。石油并不是由沉積物中的有機物轉(zhuǎn)化而來的理論已經(jīng)引起人們的關注，并在許多細節(jié)問題上得以證實。如果石油地質(zhì)學者關于油氣生成和運移的觀點不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改變。
8. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them, all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The South African State Oil Company （SOEKOR） is under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples are not isolated cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.
8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承認在找油過程中需要地質(zhì)學家的幫助。1982年，一位德州米德蘭油田的發(fā)現(xiàn)者聲稱沒有雇傭地質(zhì)學家。他的對手雇傭了地質(zhì)學家，結(jié)果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非國家石油公司在政府法律強行規(guī)定下，對每種發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的方法（尋找礦藏和水源機械方法或復雜的科學方法）必須進行測驗。上述事例并非是獨一無二的，它說明尋找石油可能的較好方法是隨機鉆探，而不是應用科學原理。
