Department of Energy Established.
建立能源部
1. Legislation creating the Department of Energy passed the Senate on May 18 and the House on June 3, 1977. Congressional action, including approval of the conference report, was completed by August 3. President Carter signed the bill into law （Public Law 95-91） on August 4, 1977. The next day Carter named Schlesinger as the first Secretary of Energy. The Department was officially activated on October 1, 1977.
1、美國參議院于1977年5月18日、眾議院于6月3日通過了創(chuàng)立美國能源部的法律。這樣，國會方面的工作，包括批準(zhǔn)會議報告，于8月3日全部完成。1977年8月4日，卡特總統(tǒng)簽署該法案使其生效（公共法95—91號）。第二天卡特總統(tǒng)提名施萊辛格（Schlesinger）擔(dān)任第一任能源部長。1977年10月1日美國能源部正式掛牌。
2. Schlesinger's initial task was to meld all headquarters, field, and staff programs from the component agencies, including their various supporting offices and functions, into a unified Department of Energy with about 20,000 employees and an annual budget of $10.4 billion. The Department's first Secretary contended that, historically, the problem with new departments had been that they pulled together existing agencies under the same roof without integrating the activities of those agencies. The legislation creating the Department of Energy, Schlesinger believed, was broad enough to allow him to achieve the desired effective integration. Department of Energy Organization and Structure
2、施萊辛格部長面臨的首要任務(wù)是整合（法律規(guī)定的未來能源部）各個從屬部門，以及它們的各種支持機(jī)構(gòu)和職能機(jī)構(gòu)的總部、領(lǐng)域和人員安排，使之成為一個擁有2萬雇員、104億美元年預(yù)算的能源部。第一任部長說，新能源部所面臨的歷史性的問題是如何將已經(jīng)存在的很多機(jī)構(gòu)聚合到同一屋頂之下，而同時又不干擾各自的活動及職能。施萊辛格認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)立能源部的立法賦予了他足夠的權(quán)力，能夠完成這次有效的整合。能源部的組織結(jié)構(gòu)
3. The new Department of Energy did not simply organize existing agencies and offices under new leadership but reshaped many programs and functions to fit the national energy policy of the Carter Administration. By law, the Department would be led by three principal officers: the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Under Secretary. Energy technologies would not be divided by fuel type, such as fossil, nuclear, or solar, but grouped under assistant secretaries according to their evolution from research and development through application and commercialization. This approach reflected the administration's decision to formulate a comprehensive energy policy rather than to engage simply in fuel management. Thus basic research was placed in the Office of Energy Research. Individual research and development projects in solar, geothermal, fossil, and nuclear energy were placed under the assistant secretary for energy technology. After scientific and technical feasibility was determined, projects would be transferred to the assistant secretary for resource applications or to the assistant secretary for conservation and solar applications, who had specialized expertise in commercialization and energy markets. The assistant secretary for environment would assure that all departmental programs were consistent with environmental and safety laws, regulations, and policies. The assistant secretary for defense programs would inherit responsibility for the nuclear weapons programs.
3、新的能源部并不是簡單地在新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)制下重組舊有的政府機(jī)構(gòu)和部門，而是對很多項目和職能進(jìn)行再造，使之適應(yīng)卡特政府所推行的國家能源政策。依據(jù)法律，能源部由三名主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人負(fù)責(zé)：部長（Secretary），常務(wù)副部長（Deputy Secretary）和副部長（Under Secretary）。能源技術(shù)將不會依據(jù)燃料品種分類，例如化石燃料、核燃料或太陽能，而是依照從研發(fā)到應(yīng)用和商業(yè)化的不同發(fā)展階段，由不同的部長助理（Assistant Secretary）分管。這種方式反映出政府的一個理念：即制定綜合的能源政策，而不是簡單地進(jìn)行燃料管理。因此，基礎(chǔ)研究歸屬能源研究局負(fù)責(zé)。有關(guān)太陽能、地?zé)�、化石燃料和核能源的特別研發(fā)項目由主管能源技術(shù)的部長助理負(fù)責(zé)。一旦其科技可行性確定之后，項目將轉(zhuǎn)給分管資源應(yīng)用的部長助理，或分管節(jié)能和太陽能應(yīng)用的部長助理，他們在商業(yè)化和能源市場領(lǐng)域具有專長。分管環(huán)境的部長助理將負(fù)責(zé)保證能源部的所有項目必須符合相關(guān)的環(huán)境和安全方面的法律、法規(guī)、政策。分管國防項目的部長助理將接手核武器計劃的管理責(zé)任。
4. The Department, despite its diverse origins, was structured to allow for the continuity of programs and functions from predecessor organizations while blending their expertise into new management teams. All activities of the Federal Energy Administration and the Energy Research and Development Administration were distributed among appropriate assistant secretaries, administrators, and the director of the Office of Energy Research. Also, limited functions were transferred from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation. Additional transfer included the Alaska, Bonneville, Southeastern, and Southwestern power marketing administrations from the Interior Department and the Navy oil reserves and oil shale reserves from the Department of Defense.
4、盡管由來源不同的部門組合而成，能源部的構(gòu)架使之能夠承擔(dān)起從前任機(jī)構(gòu)那里接手的項目和職能，同時把各家之所長融合到一個新的管理團(tuán)隊中。聯(lián)邦能源局和能源研究與發(fā)展局的所有活動被分割成幾部分，分別由部長助理、局長和能源研究辦公室的主任相應(yīng)地負(fù)責(zé)。同時，農(nóng)業(yè)部、商務(wù)部、住房與城市發(fā)展部和交通部的一些職能也被轉(zhuǎn)到了這里。另外，還包括從內(nèi)政部轉(zhuǎn)移來的阿拉斯加、波尼維爾、東南和西南地區(qū)電力市場管理局，以及從國防部轉(zhuǎn)來的海軍石油儲備局和石油頁巖儲備局。
5. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was established as an independent agency within the Department of Energy. The five-member commission, headed by a chairman, was given the responsibility for the licensing and regulation of hydroelectric power projects, the regulation of electric utilities, the transmission and sale of electric power, the transportation and sale of natural gas, and the operation of natural gas and oil pipelines. The commission inherited most of its functions and personnel from the Federal Power Commission, which had been established in 1920. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's authority to regulate oil pipelines came from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
5、在美國能源部里設(shè)立了聯(lián)邦能源法規(guī)委員會，它是一個獨立的國家職能機(jī)構(gòu)，該委員會有五名委員組成，由一個主席領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。聯(lián)邦能源法規(guī)委員會的職責(zé)如下：頒發(fā)許可證并規(guī)范水力發(fā)電項目，規(guī)范電力設(shè)施，電力的輸送和銷售，天然氣的輸送和銷售以及天然氣和石油管道的管理。聯(lián)邦能源法規(guī)委員會從成立于1920年的聯(lián)邦電力委員會繼承了大部分職能和職員。除此之外，其管理天然氣和石油管道的權(quán)力繼承自州際商務(wù)委員會。
6. Regulatory programs not included in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission were placed under the Economic Regulatory Administration, one of two administrations created in the Department. The Economic Regulatory Administration assumed the oil pricing, allocation, and import programs, which had been administered by the Federal Energy Administration. Most of these programs had been established during the 1973-1974 oil embargo under the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act and extended by subsequent legislation. Other regulatory programs included emergency and contingency plans, controls over importing and exporting natural gas, supervision of utilities and industry converting from oil and gas to coal, establishment of priorities for natural gas curtailment, and coordination of regional power systems.
6、那些不歸屬聯(lián)邦能源法規(guī)委員會的能源立法項目由聯(lián)邦經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)局負(fù)責(zé)，它是在能源部里新成立的兩個局之一，負(fù)責(zé)規(guī)范油價、分配和進(jìn)口等項目。這些項目以前由聯(lián)邦能源局管理。這些項目中的大多數(shù)都是在1973至1974年石油禁運(yùn)期間依據(jù)《（美國）緊急石油分配法》以及后來派生的立法實施的。其他的法律規(guī)范活動包括緊急和突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對計劃、天然氣進(jìn)出口管制、對從石油和天然氣中制取焦碳的工業(yè)和應(yīng)用的監(jiān)管、壓縮天然氣優(yōu)先性的制定，以及區(qū)域電力系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)調(diào)。
7. The Department's second administration, the Energy Information Administration, consolidated the Federal Government's many diverse energy data systems. By centralizing the most important data-gathering activities, the Energy Information Administration would provide comprehensive data and timely analysis for the President, the Department, Congress, and the public. To determine reliability of data, the administration would conduct field audits. Besides projecting long-term energy trends, the administration was expected to develop systems for estimating national fuel reserves and reporting the financial status of energy producing companies.
7、能源信息局是能源部的第二個局，它統(tǒng)一了聯(lián)邦政府中許多不同的能源數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)。通過將最重要的數(shù)據(jù)采集活動集中化，能源信息局為美國總統(tǒng)、能源部、議會和社會提供全面的數(shù)據(jù)和及時的分析。能源信息局實行現(xiàn)場審計確定數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性。大家寄期望于能源信息局，希望它能夠預(yù)測長期能源發(fā)展趨勢、估算國家燃料儲量以及報告能源生產(chǎn)企業(yè)財務(wù)狀況。
8. The Department of Energy inherited about forty regional and field offices, university programs, and laboratories from the predecessor agencies. These varied from the ten regional regulatory offices of the Federal Energy Administration to the Bureau of Mines research laboratories at Bartlesville, Morgantown, Pittsburgh, and Laramie. The bulk of the Department's inherited facilities came from the Atomic Energy Commission, passed on through the short-lived Energy Research and Development Administration. These included eight operations offices and various production and weapons facilities. Perhaps the jewels in the crown were the scientific laboratories at Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven, Livermore, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, and the new Solar Energy Research Institute established in Golden, Colorado. The Department of Energy thus kept intact the network of national laboratories as a valuable national resource.
8、能源部從以前各個國家機(jī)關(guān)繼承了大約40個不同地區(qū)和領(lǐng)域的機(jī)構(gòu)、大學(xué)的研究項目和實驗室。這些形形色色的機(jī)構(gòu)來自聯(lián)邦能源局的10個區(qū)域管理局，以及聯(lián)邦礦業(yè)局一些科研實驗室，這些實驗室位于巴特斯韋爾（Bartlesville）、摩根鎮(zhèn)（Morgantown）、匹斯堡和雷瑞米（Laramie）等處。能源部所繼承的大部分設(shè)施間接來自于原子能委員會，曾經(jīng)短暫存在的能源研究開發(fā)署繼承了原子能委員會的設(shè)施，而能源部又從能源研究開發(fā)署繼承了這些設(shè)備。這些設(shè)施包括8個運(yùn)營辦公室、各種生產(chǎn)設(shè)施和軍工設(shè)備。其中可以稱為“皇冠上的鉆石”（精華、核心部分）的是坐落在阿爾貢（Argonne）、伯克利（Berkeley）、布魯克海文（Brookhaven）、利沃莫（Livermore）、洛斯阿拉莫斯（Los Alamos）和橡山（Oak Ridge）的科學(xué)實驗室，以及坐落在科羅拉多州高爾登（Golden）的新太陽能研究所。美國能源部如同保護(hù)珍貴的國家資源一樣維持著這些實驗室網(wǎng)絡(luò)的完整運(yùn)作。
