The Energy Crisis of 1973 and Nixon's Energy Policies.
1973年能源危機(jī)與尼克松總統(tǒng)的應(yīng)對(duì)政策.
1. The energy crisis of 1973 underscored the necessity Of developing a coordinated national energy policy and concentrating the government's various energy programs into one agency. On April 18, 1973, six months before renewed conflict in the Middle East, President Nixon noted that the United States, with 6 percent of the world's population, consumed one-third of the world's energy. In the immediate future, the president predicted, the United States might face energy shortages and increased prices. Again, as in 1971, Nixon cautioned that America's energy challenge could become an energy crisis if current trends continued unchecked. Declaring that the Nation's energy demands had grown so rapidly that they now outstripped available supplies, the President amended his 1971 proposal for a cabinet department by requesting Congress to establish a department of energy and natural resources with responsibility for energy policy and management as well as research and development. Meanwhile, Nixon established the Special Energy Committee of senior White House advisors, including special assistants for domestic, foreign, and economic affairs, and the National Energy Office, headed by Charles J. DiBona, to identify issues and coordinate energy analysis between the various offices and agencies.
1、1973年的能源危機(jī)突出地表明，制定一個(gè)協(xié)調(diào)的國(guó)家能源政策以及將政府各個(gè)能源項(xiàng)目集中在同一部門是極為必要的。1973年4月18日，在中東沖突卷土重來(lái)的前六個(gè)月，尼克松總統(tǒng)指出：占世界人口百分之六的美國(guó)消耗了地球上三分之一的能源。他預(yù)言，在不久的將來(lái)，美國(guó)將面臨能源短缺及其價(jià)格的飆升。尼克松再次如1971年那樣，提出警告說(shuō)，如果目前的趨勢(shì)得不到控制，美國(guó)所面臨的難題將會(huì)演變成能源危機(jī)。他斷言，國(guó)家的能源需求增長(zhǎng)過(guò)速，目前已超過(guò)了供給能力，于是尼克松總統(tǒng)修改了1971年對(duì)內(nèi)閣的建議，請(qǐng)求議會(huì)建立一個(gè)能源與自然資源部門，專門負(fù)責(zé)能源的政策和管理，及其研究與開(kāi)發(fā)。與此同時(shí)，尼克松還設(shè)立了一個(gè)由白宮高級(jí)顧問(wèn)組成的特別能源委員會(huì)，其中包括國(guó)內(nèi)外及經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)特別助理，以及由CharlesJ、DiBona領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的國(guó)家能源辦公室，他們的任務(wù)是發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、協(xié)調(diào)不同部門和機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)能源的分析與研究。
2. Nixon's proposal for a department of energy and natural resources stalled in Congress. The House and Senate held subcommittee hearings, but the proposal received no further attention during 1973. Although he did not abandon hope for an energy department, the President, turned to immediate, interim solutions to the organizational problem. At the urging of Roy L. Ash, director of the Office of Management and Budget, Nixon established the Energy Policy Office, which combined and expanded the responsibilities of the Special Energy Committee and the National Energy Office. The new Energy Policy Office established on June 29, 1973, under the leadership of Governor John A. Love of Colorado, with DiBona remaining at the White House as Love's deputy, was responsible for formulating and coordinating energy policies at the presidential level. Nixon also proposed creating the Energy Research and Development Administration to develop the government's energy research programs and to work with industry in developing and fostering new energy technologies. The new administration would combine the energy research and development activities of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of the Interior. The Atomic Energy Commission's licensing and regulatory responsibilities would continue in the independent five-member Nuclear Energy Commission.
2、尼克松的（設(shè)立）能源和自然資源部門的建議遭到議會(huì)的擱置。盡管眾參兩院舉行了附屬委員會(huì)的聽(tīng)證，該提議在1973年期間并沒(méi)有得到更多的關(guān)注。但尼克松總統(tǒng)并沒(méi)有放棄，他立即啟用了組織機(jī)構(gòu)問(wèn)題的臨時(shí)解決方案，在聯(lián)邦預(yù)算和管理局局長(zhǎng)Royl、Ash的督促下，能源政策辦公室成立了，該辦公室將特別能源委員會(huì)和國(guó)家能源辦公室合并，并且擴(kuò)大了職責(zé)范圍。新的能源政策辦公室成立于1973年6月29日，由科羅拉多州州長(zhǎng)JohnA、Love領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，DiBona作為JohnA、Love的副手，留在在白宮里負(fù)責(zé)闡述和協(xié)調(diào)總統(tǒng)級(jí)別的能源政策問(wèn)題。與此同時(shí)，尼克松總統(tǒng)還提議建立能源研發(fā)局，進(jìn)行政府的能源項(xiàng)目研究，并與工業(yè)界合作開(kāi)發(fā)和培育新的能源技術(shù)。新設(shè)立的部門將兼并（美國(guó)）核能委員會(huì)和（美國(guó)）內(nèi)務(wù)部所負(fù)責(zé)的能源研究和開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)。核能委員會(huì)的審批及立法職能仍由其五人獨(dú)立委員會(huì)承擔(dān)。
3. By September 1973 the President, while asserting the Nation was not yet in an energy crisis, continued to stress America's energy problem. Nixon especially encouraged congressional enactment of four bills to provide for the construction of the Alaskan pipeline and deepwater ports, deregulation of natural gas, and new standards for surface mining. He also expressed hope that Congress would quickly authorize the Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Energy Research and Development Administration. Unfortunately war broke out in the Middle East on October 6, 1973. America's energy challenge and problem would soon become a bona fide crisis.
3、1973年9月之前，盡管尼克松總統(tǒng)承認(rèn)能源危機(jī)并未出現(xiàn)，但他仍然繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)的能源問(wèn)題，尼克松尤其督促議會(huì)通過(guò)了有關(guān)阿拉斯加輸油管道、深水碼頭的建設(shè)、放松天然氣管制，以及地表采礦新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的四個(gè)法案。他還表示，希望議會(huì)能夠盡快批準(zhǔn)（設(shè)立）能源和自然資源部以及能源研發(fā)局。不幸的是，1973年10月6日，中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，美國(guó)的能源問(wèn)題很快變成了一場(chǎng)名副其實(shí)的危機(jī)。
4. The consequences of the Israeli victory in the Yom Kippur War1 quickly spread to North America when the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries （OAPEC） placed an embargo crude oil shipped to the United States. By November 1973 oil supplies were critically low, creating the most acute shortages of energy since World War II. Now the Arab oil embargo, subsequent long gas lines, and complex but fragmented energy projects and regulations demanded bolder action by the President. No longer regional, the energy shortages became nationwide threatened virtually every sector of the economy.
4、以色列在贖罪日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的勝利迅速影響到北美，因?yàn)橐陨械膭倮鸢⒗洼敵鰢?guó)組織（OAPEC）對(duì)美國(guó)實(shí)施原油禁運(yùn)。截至1973年11月，石油供應(yīng)量極低，造成了二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)最嚴(yán)重的能源短缺。目前所面臨的一系列問(wèn)題—阿拉伯石油禁運(yùn)、由此引發(fā)的加油站前排起的長(zhǎng)龍、以及龐大但是已經(jīng)支離破碎的能源項(xiàng)目和立法方案—都需要總統(tǒng)采取大膽的行動(dòng)加以解決。能源短缺不再是區(qū)域性問(wèn)題，它已經(jīng)威脅到全國(guó)范圍以及經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)部門。
5. In a televised address the energy emergency on November 7, 1973, President Nixon launched Project Independence to achieve energy self-sufficiency by 1980. Urging Americans to lower thermostats, drive cars more slowly, and eliminate unnecessary lighting. Nixon pledged increased funding for energy research and development. Recalling Manhattan Project, which had built the atomic bomb during World War II, and the Apollo Project, which had landed two Americans on the moon in 1969, the President expressed his faith that American science, technology, and industry could free the United States from dependence on foreign oil. Three weeks later, as winter cold began to grip the Northeast, the President reaffirmed Project Independence and announced plans to increase the production of home-heating oils, while reducing gasoline supplies and closing gasoline stations on Sundays. Communities across the Nation reduced holiday lighting and implemented various schemes for pumping short supplies of gasoline. As motorists scrambled for a place in line, in some states matching their license plates to the date on an odd-or-even system, the era of energy affluence ended.
5、1973年11月7日，尼克松總統(tǒng)就能源的緊急事態(tài)發(fā)表了電視講話，呼吁發(fā)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)旨在1980年之前達(dá)到能源自給自足的“獨(dú)立計(jì)劃”。（他）力勸美國(guó)人民調(diào)低溫度控制器的設(shè)置、慢速駕駛和減少不必要的照明，并保證為能源研究和發(fā)展增加預(yù)算�？偨y(tǒng)在講話中回憶起二戰(zhàn)期間制造出原子彈的“曼哈頓計(jì)劃”以及1969年將兩名美國(guó)人送上月球的“阿波羅計(jì)劃”，并堅(jiān)定地表明了自己的信心—美國(guó)憑借自己的科技和工業(yè)一定能擺脫對(duì)外國(guó)石油的依賴。三周之后，寒流襲擊了東北部，（尼克松）總統(tǒng)再次重申“獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)計(jì)劃”，宣布增加家庭取暖用油的生產(chǎn)同時(shí)降低汽油供應(yīng)，并且在星期日關(guān)閉加油站。全國(guó)的社區(qū)減少了節(jié)日照明，并且實(shí)施了各種應(yīng)對(duì)汽油短缺的方案。人們駕車在等候加油的長(zhǎng)龍里爭(zhēng)搶位置，一些州也根據(jù)車牌號(hào)實(shí)行了單雙號(hào)出行的規(guī)定，這一切都表明、能源富足的時(shí)代已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。
