F1知識(shí)點(diǎn)：Outsourcing and Offshoring

外包是指企業(yè)動(dòng)態(tài)地配置自身和其他企業(yè)的功能和服務(wù)，并利用企業(yè)外部的資源為企業(yè)內(nèi)部的生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)服務(wù)。外包是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略管理模型，所謂外包（Outsourcing），是企業(yè)為維持組織競(jìng)爭(zhēng)核心能力，且因組織人力不足的困境，可將組織的非核心業(yè)務(wù)委托給外部的專業(yè)公司，以降低營(yíng)運(yùn)成本，提高品質(zhì)，集中人力資源，提高顧客滿意度。外包業(yè)是新近興起的一個(gè)行業(yè)，它給企業(yè)帶來了新的活力。

Definition: Contracting business functions out to an external organisation.

Examples:

·Legal work (e.g. review of contracts)

·Internal audit

·Marketing

·Web design

·Content writing

Advantages:

·Access to specialist skills— increased capability may increase quality

·Usually cost savings

·Labour flexibility (avoids "hire and fire")

Disadvantages:

·Increased reliance on third parties

·Lack of in-house expertise

OFFSHORING

離岸外包指外包商與其供應(yīng)商來自不同國(guó)家，外包工作跨國(guó)完成。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的潮流中，通過國(guó)際合作，利用國(guó)家或地區(qū)的勞動(dòng)力成本差異，是企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)降低生產(chǎn)成本，增強(qiáng)綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的有效途徑。同樣，軟件領(lǐng)域里的國(guó)際軟件外包，就形成了軟件離岸外包的概念。離岸外包是企業(yè)充分利用國(guó)外資源和企業(yè)外部資源進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移的一種形式，主要是指跨國(guó)公司利用發(fā)展中國(guó)家的低成本優(yōu)勢(shì)將生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)外包到發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

Definition: Relocation of production or other activities to a different country.

Examples:

·Call centres for customer service/support

·Manufacture of electronic components

·Airline reservations

·Credit card processing

Advantages:

·Lower costs (increase investors' returns)

·More skilled people

·Greater efficiency (work done more quickly)

Disadvantages:

·Transfers jobs to other counties

·Political risks

·Language and cultural

·Differences Poor communication