P3知識點講解：Poter’s five forces model

波特五力模型是邁克爾·波特（Michael Porter）于20世紀80年代初提出，它認為行業(yè)中存在著決定競爭規(guī)模和程度的五種力量，這五種力量綜合起來影響著產(chǎn)業(yè)的吸引力以及現(xiàn)有企業(yè)的競爭戰(zhàn)略決策。五種力量分別為同行業(yè)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有競爭者的競爭能力、潛在競爭者進入的能力、替代品的替代能力、供應商的討價還價能力、購買者的討價還價能力。

Porter's five forces model focuses on the competitive nature of an industry and therefore attractiveness of a market.

Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. They consist of forces which affect a company's ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A change in any of these forces normally would require a company to reassess the marketplace.

Porter claimed that there are five "competitive forces" affecting every industry and that, in most, some force other than rivalry has the greatest impact on the levels of margin earned:

The threat of new entrants to the industry;

The threat of substitute products or services;

The bargaining power of suppliers;

The bargaining power of customers; and

The rivalry among current competitors in the industry.

關(guān)于五力分析模型的實踐運用一直存在許多爭論。較為一致的看法是：該模型更多是一種理論思考工具，而非可以實際操作的戰(zhàn)略工具。該模型的理論是建立在以下三個假定基礎(chǔ)之上的：

1、制定戰(zhàn)略者需要了解整個行業(yè)的信息，顯然現(xiàn)實中是難于做到的。

2、同行業(yè)之間只有競爭關(guān)系，沒有合作關(guān)系。但現(xiàn)實中企業(yè)之間存在多種合作關(guān)系，不一定是你死我活的競爭關(guān)系。

3、行業(yè)的規(guī)模是固定的，因此，只有通過奪取對手的份額來占有更大的資源和市場。但現(xiàn)實中企業(yè)之間往往不是通過吃掉對手而是與對手共同做大行業(yè)的蛋糕來獲取更大的資源和市場。同時，市場可以通過不斷的開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新來增大容量。