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*第十九篇The Family

　　The structure of a family takes different forms around the word and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.

　　There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America, and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits, who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.

　　The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time, the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins. In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Another good title for this passage would be________

　　A) What Makes a Family?

　　B) The Life of the Inuits.

　　C) Living with Hardship.

　　D) The Failure of the Nuclear Family.

　　2. A nuclear family is defined as________.

　　A) a married couple with their minor children

　　B) a single father with minor children

　　C) parents, grandparents, and children

　　D) parents, children, and aunts and uncles

　　3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in________.

　　A) an anthropology textbook

　　B) a biology textbook

　　C) a mathematics textbook

　　D) a geography textbook

　　4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through________.

　　A) listing statistics

　　B) telling a story

　　C) pointing out similarities

　　D) pointing out differences

　　5. The word mobility means________.

　　A) money

　　B) readiness to move

　　C) organization

　　D) skill

　　【答案】

　　1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B

　　【譯文】

　　第十九篇家庭

　　在全世界，甚至在同一個(gè)社會(huì)中，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)有著不同的形式。家庭的構(gòu)成形式隨著不斷變化的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響而改變。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式為核心家庭，由一對(duì)夫婦和他們未婚的孩子構(gòu)成。核心家庭是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的單位。它必須能夠照料自己。家庭成員緊密依賴(lài)著彼此。在緊急情況下，外界提供給家庭的幫助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有當(dāng)條件允許的時(shí)候，才會(huì)照料家中年長(zhǎng)的親屬。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他們一般住在退休社區(qū)和養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)。

　　在工業(yè)社會(huì)，例如北美洲，核心家庭之間有很多相似點(diǎn)。在居住在惡劣環(huán)境中的因紐特人的社會(huì)中，家庭間也有很多相似點(diǎn)。核心家庭結(jié)構(gòu)良好地適應(yīng)于流動(dòng)性的生活。在惡劣的條件下，流動(dòng)性能讓一個(gè)家庭吃飽飯。對(duì)北美洲人來(lái)說(shuō)，找工作和提高社會(huì)地位同樣需要流動(dòng)性。

　　核心家庭并不總是北美洲人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)時(shí)期，小型的核心家庭經(jīng)常是大家庭的一部分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在現(xiàn)在的北美洲，單親家庭的數(shù)目大幅度增加。由核心家庭構(gòu)成的單親家庭的數(shù)目是美國(guó)由于離婚、分居或者未婚導(dǎo)致的單親家庭的兩倍。不僅在北美洲，在世界范圍內(nèi)，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)都會(huì)隨著不斷變化的條件而改變。

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