概括大意與完成句子這一題型在過(guò)去的職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中是分開(kāi)考的，這次則把這兩種題型放到一篇文章中去考。這兩種題型均屬于閱讀理解簡(jiǎn)答題(Short Answer Questions)，與傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解簡(jiǎn)答題不同的是，它不需要考生寫(xiě)出問(wèn)題的答案，而是給出了幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)，讓考生從中選擇搭配。
概括大意題主要考查考生歸納段落主題思想的能力，完成句子主要考查考生掌握短文細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的能力。這兩種題型，基本能夠考核各種閱讀技能。解答這類題目時(shí)，既要學(xué)會(huì)抓住文章的中心大意，找出關(guān)鍵詞，又要能夠運(yùn)用多種閱讀技巧，從句子、語(yǔ)篇的層次把握文章的重要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)看例題。
The Price of idleness
Household devices waste a lot of energy doing nothing.
1 Electrical devices such as CD players, videos and burglar alarms are consuming more energy in stand-by mode than when they are actually being used.
2 Maria Sanchez and her colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, tested more than 50 small electrical appliances, from computers to doorbells, electric movers, VCRs, and pool pumps. In the current issue of Energy Policy, they report that about half of all consumer electronics energy is used in stand-by mode. This costs American consumers $1 billion a year in wasted energy.
3 The researchers say that while electronic devices are lying dormant (休眠狀態(tài)), running their clocks, maintaining internal memories or displaying their settings, they consume around 40 terawatt hours of electricity in the US every year -- enough to power a city such as Chicago or London. Many machines' use almost as much power on stand-by as when working. For example, it takes 15 watts to play a typical CD, but an average of 11 watts to keep it on stand-by. Satellite TV systems use 14 watts when active and 14 watts on stand-by. Given the long hours these systems spend idling, each uses far more power in stand-by mode than when actually working.
4 Bad design is largely to blame, says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on stand-by. "For most products, we believe that stand-by power can be reduced to one watt or less," says Sanchez.
5 She backs proposals to set up a national labeling system to promote machines that meet this standard. Such a system could reduce stand-by power consumption in the US by 50 per cent, says co-author Alan Meier -- more than 20 terawatt hours per year. Last month, electronics company Philips announced the launch of a device that can dramatically reduce the power used in stand-by mode.
A Factor Leading to Energy Waste
B Home Appliances
C Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption
D Energy Consumption Test
E Terawatt Hours
F Nonessential Electricity Use
1 Paragraph 2 ____________
2 Paragraph 3 ____________
3 Paragraph 4 ____________
4 Paragraph 5 ____________
A Factor Leading to Energy Waste
B Home Appliances
C Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption
D Energy Consumption Test
E Terawatt Hours
F Nonessential Electricity Use
5 In the US the home appliances use _____________
6 The energy wasted by the electronic devices in the US is sufficient to ___________.
7 It is found that power waste is mainly caused by _____________
8 Philips started to develop a device that can greatly reduces _______________
A bad design
B the total energy of the country
C power a large city
D the most energy
E wasted energy
F stand-by power consumption
A bad design
B the total energy of the country
C power a large city
D the most energy
E wasted energy
F stand-by power consumption
這是一篇關(guān)于家用電器在休眠狀態(tài)下耗電情況的文章，屬科普類。文章內(nèi)容不難。共分五個(gè)自然段，300多詞。文章后面第一題至第四題，要求考生給第二段至第五段各選一食小標(biāo)題；第五題至第八題要求考生從所給的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子選一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)，來(lái)完成句子。
我們先看概括大意。在做概括大意題時(shí)，首先要找的是每段的主題句。文章的第一段總領(lǐng)全文，說(shuō)的是當(dāng)今一些家電設(shè)備，如CD播放機(jī)之類，在閑置狀態(tài)下，會(huì)浪費(fèi)很多的電能。
作者在第二段的一開(kāi)始就介紹了科學(xué)家Maria Sanchez和她的同事做的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，他們檢了50多種小家電，看看它們的耗電情況。后面講的是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果等。顯然，該段的第一句為主題句，概括了這一段的主要內(nèi)容。根據(jù)這一線索，在選項(xiàng)中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)D("能量消耗試驗(yàn)")的意思與此相符。因此，選項(xiàng)D為本題的答案。
再看第三段。本段第一句接上一段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明一些電器設(shè)備在休眠狀態(tài)下每天的耗電量。接下來(lái)是舉例說(shuō)明。本段第一句同樣也是本段的主題句。所給出的幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思與這一句話的意思相近呢?顯然，選項(xiàng)F("無(wú)謂的耗電")與本句意思相同，故為正確答案。
文章的第四段進(jìn)一步闡明導(dǎo)致電能被白白浪費(fèi)掉的主要原因，作者引用科學(xué)家Sanchez的話，認(rèn)為家電設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)不合理是一個(gè)重要因素。第四段的第一句也是本段的主題句。選項(xiàng)A的意思是"導(dǎo)致電能消耗的因素"，與本段第一句意思相符，故為正確答案。
細(xì)心的讀者會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章第五段的第一句又是該段的主題句，根據(jù)這段中出現(xiàn)的 proposal這個(gè)詞就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
關(guān)于完成句子這部分的解題技巧，我們強(qiáng)調(diào)指出的是，應(yīng)根據(jù)要完成的句子的前半部分的信息，回到短文中查找這個(gè)句子的出處，然后再仔細(xì)閱讀每個(gè)句子，這樣會(huì)很容易地找出答案。根據(jù)這個(gè)辦法，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第五題的答案為選項(xiàng)D，第六題的答案為選項(xiàng)C，第七題的答案為選項(xiàng)F，第八題的答案為選項(xiàng)E。
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