1.倒裝:
英語的一般語序?yàn)椋褐髡Z + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(或表語) + (狀語等附加成分)。有時(shí)為了語法上或修辭上的需要而改變這種語序,如將謂語動(dòng)詞放到主語的前面,就稱為倒裝。因語法需要的倒裝稱為“語法倒裝”,例如英語中的疑問句多采用倒裝形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辭需要,如為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡或承上啟下等目的倒裝,稱為“修辭性倒裝”,例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山頂上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
就應(yīng)試而言,以下倒裝現(xiàn)象應(yīng)給予特別注意(按考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高低順序排列):
1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等 否定詞開頭的句子,比較:
例1
正常語序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
倒裝語序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
。ㄎ矣肋h(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記初上大學(xué)的那些日子)
例2
正常語序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
倒裝語序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
。ㄖ钡阶罱也胖朗裁唇惺袌鼋(jīng)濟(jì)。)
以上兩個(gè)句子采用倒裝語序的主要目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。
在這一節(jié)中,要特別注意以下三個(gè)倒裝句型:
not until… ,見以上例2
no sooner …than…, 例如:
No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
。ㄋ齽偰钔赀@首詩,學(xué)生們就開始向她提問題了。)
hardly …when …,與 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞錯(cuò)了,既:
Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
2)介詞 + no否定詞開頭的句子, 比較:
正常語序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情況下,我決不做有損國家利益的事情。)
倒裝語序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等詞開頭的句子,比較: 4)
正常語序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
倒裝語序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
。ㄖ挥羞@樣我們才能學(xué)好一門外語。)
正常語序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
倒裝語序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
(污跡很小,幾乎看不出來。)
從以上的舉例可以歸納出:
如果以上的詞(組)本來就是修飾或說明主語的,不存在倒裝問題,例如:
Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
(不是所有科學(xué)家都接受他的有關(guān)宇宙起源的新理論的。)
怎么倒裝?采用一般疑問句的倒裝規(guī)則。
應(yīng)試思路:
倒裝句一般都比較長,表達(dá)的意思相對(duì)比較復(fù)雜,這給英語基礎(chǔ)比較差的考生帶來理解上的一定困難。為了提高應(yīng)試效率,要牢牢把握好以下應(yīng)試思路:
見到not等否定詞,或only, so, often, 或“介詞 + no…”開頭的句子,首先要考慮是否倒裝;
看看答案中哪個(gè)采用了倒裝形式(不要管是什么意思);
如果答案中有幾個(gè)倒裝形式,比較一下時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他細(xì)微差別。
例如:
Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
A. did a sport vehicle catch the public‘s fancy
B. a sport vehicle had caught the public‘s fancy
C.has a sport vehicle caught the public‘s fancy
D.will a sport vehicle catch the public‘s fancy
要正確翻譯這個(gè)句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影響解題:
首先,這是個(gè)“not”開頭的句子,需要倒裝;
第二,在A、A、C、D四個(gè)答案中,B是唯一不倒裝的,肯定不對(duì);
第三,盡管A、C、D都是倒裝形式,但由于是“not since”,要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故正確答案是C.
從以上例子可以看出,就語法考試而言,牢記基本規(guī)則,把握正確解題思路有時(shí)比多認(rèn)識(shí)幾個(gè)英語單詞更重要。
其他需注意的倒裝現(xiàn)象:
4) here, there, back, down, off, in, up等表示地點(diǎn)狀語的詞開頭的句子,例如:
Here comes a taxi! (來了輛出租車!)
There goes the last bus。┌喙财囬_走了!)
Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
但是:主語是代詞時(shí)不倒裝,例如:
Here it comes. (它來了。)
There she goes.(她走了。)
5) 主語 + live, stand, lie, sit 等動(dòng)詞 + (介詞)地點(diǎn)狀語 的結(jié)構(gòu)中常采用倒裝語序,例如:
正常語序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
倒裝語序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple. (山頂上有座古廟。)
同樣,如果主語是代詞,也不能倒裝,例如:
(The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago. ) It stands at the top of the hill.
6) although 讓步從句用as或 though代替時(shí),例如:
正常語序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in computer technology.
倒裝語序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in computer technology.
。ūM管他很年輕,但是他對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)相當(dāng)專業(yè)。)
4)、5)、6)類倒裝只是簡單的語序調(diào)整。
2. 省略:
1)省略是為了避免重復(fù),保持語言簡潔的一種語法手段。尤其是在口語中,省略是個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象,例如:
I have heard of the news. So have I.
He didn‘t go to the concert yesterday. Neither did I.
想一下,為什么以上句子的應(yīng)答部分要采用“倒裝”形式?(見上一節(jié)“倒裝”)
此外,此類省略形式的要注意的一個(gè)問題是:前后時(shí)態(tài)要一致。
2)就職稱考試而言,大家要特別注意由when, while, whether, if, unless, although等引出的狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象,比較:
不省略:The young boy was badly injured by a motorcycle when he was crossing the street.
省略:The young boy was badly injured by a motorcycle when crossing the street.
。莻(gè)小男孩在穿越馬路時(shí)被一輛摩托車嚴(yán)重撞傷。)
不省略:If irrigation is not well managed, it can be harmful.
省略:If not well managed, irrigation may be harmful.
。ㄈ绻芾聿划(dāng),灌溉也可能會(huì)造成損害。)
從以上兩個(gè)例子可以歸納出此類從句的省略基本規(guī)則:
只有當(dāng)主句和從句的主語相同時(shí)才能采用省略形式,省略時(shí)將從句的主語連同be動(dòng)詞(若有)一起省略;
如果句子主語與從句的動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,采用-ing形式;如果句子主語與從句的動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,采用-ed形式;
根據(jù)以上規(guī)則,確定以下題目的正確答案:
If ______ a hot bath before sleep, a day‘s tiredness will soon vanish.(睡前洗個(gè)熱水澡,一天的疲勞很快就會(huì)消失。)
A.taking
B.taken
C.to take
D.you take
解題思路:由于該句主句的主語是“a day‘s tiredness”,不可能發(fā)出“take a hot bath”的行為,故不能采用省略,答案應(yīng)為D.
在if / when / whether + it is necessary, possible, convenient, important, applicable 等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),則省去 “it is”, 只保留 necessary, possible, convenient, important, applicable等,這是習(xí)慣,例如:
Take the medicine when necessary.
注意:英語中一般不能說:you are necessary / convenient / possible/ important等,例如不能說: Take this medicine when you are necessary, 或Come when you are convenient. (應(yīng)說:Come when it is convenient to you.)
3)what, when, whether, how等 + to do (be) 的省略形式,例如:
You are a college student now;you should know what to do and what not to do.
。阋呀(jīng)是大學(xué)生了,應(yīng)該知道什么該做,什么不該做。)
The train leaves at midnight, but at present we have not decided whether to take the trip.
(火車半夜出發(fā),但是目前我們還沒有決定是否出行。)
但是:why (not) do, 中間不用 “to” 連接,例如:
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?(干嗎不去老師那兒請(qǐng)求幫助?)
3.強(qiáng)調(diào):
強(qiáng)調(diào)是一種修辭方式,如前面所說的“倒裝”就是一種重要的強(qiáng)調(diào)手段。
此外,還可以借助助詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),例如:
She did come yesterday; I saw her in the office.
。ㄋ蛱齑_實(shí)來了;我在辦公室見到她的。)
本講要討論的主要是“it is …。that…”強(qiáng)調(diào)句, 即:將句子中除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的成分(主語、賓語、狀語等)用“it is …。that…”加以連接,組成強(qiáng)調(diào)句,如果是人,也可以用“it is… who…”, 例如:
John bought a toy train for his son yesterday.(昨天約翰給他兒子買了輛玩具火車。)
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語:It was John who (或that)bought a toy train for his son yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語:It was a toy train that John bought for his son yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(或目的):It was for his son that John bought a toy train yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語:It was yesterday that John bought a toy train for his son .
學(xué)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句要注意以下兩點(diǎn):
不要與主語從句相混淆,例如:
It is well known that light travels in straight lines.
。ū娝苤,光以直線傳播。—— 主語從句)
It was not until the early 18th century that the significance of the event was generally realized.
。ㄖ钡18世紀(jì)初,這一事件的意義才為公眾所認(rèn)識(shí)。——強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
強(qiáng)調(diào)句與主語從句的簡單區(qū)分是:強(qiáng)調(diào)句去掉“it is…that…”,句子結(jié)構(gòu)依然正確,意思不變,如上句:“until the 18th century the significance of the event was not generally realized”。 但是主語從句就不行,如上句:“well know that light travels in straight line”就不通, 句中 “well know” 變成了無依著的成分。
不要陷入“考試陷阱”,例如:
It was not until 1943 ______ Penicillin was put into clinical use that many fatal diseases were brought under control.
A.that
B.when
C.before
D.after
看到這個(gè)題目,考生第一個(gè)反應(yīng)是“強(qiáng)調(diào)句”,很快選擇了A,但是再仔細(xì)讀一下,句子后面已經(jīng)有“that”,說明這個(gè)題目的考點(diǎn)不在“強(qiáng)調(diào)句”上,而是考“定語從句”的“關(guān)系副詞”when, 故正確答案是B,A稱為“干擾項(xiàng)”。
4.語序:
所謂語序,就是詞(組)或句子排列的順序。
1)形容詞 / 副詞的位置:
形容詞 / 副詞的一般語序是:
形容詞 + 名詞
副詞 + 形容詞或副詞,例如:
Our country is a great country.
He speaks very fast.
當(dāng)有多個(gè)形容詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),其語序規(guī)則比較復(fù)雜,語法書上有詳細(xì)說明,但不可能都一一記住。只要記住基本要點(diǎn)就可以了,即:越能說明被修飾名詞性質(zhì)的形容詞越靠近那個(gè)名詞,例如:“他是中國一位年輕的作家。” 一般的語序?yàn)椋篐e is a young Chinese writer. 有時(shí),這種語序主要是憑語感,沒有多少道理可講。
要特別注意以下情況的語序:
頻度副詞(never, always, often, rarely, seldom等 ):放在be 動(dòng)詞后面,do動(dòng)詞前面,例如:
He is always late.(他總是遲到。)
She never comes late.(她從不遲到。)
不定代詞(everything, nothing, something, everybody, nobody, anybody, all, both等):形容詞要放在其后面,例如:
I have something interesting to tell you. (我告訴你件有趣的事。)
enough的位置:enough可以是形容詞,居名詞前,例如:
Let‘s hurry; we don’t have enough time.
。ㄎ覀冓s緊;時(shí)間不多了。)
也可以是副詞, 但是要放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞的后面,例如:
They were kind enough to let me in and have a shelter from the heavy rain.
。ㄕ娓兄x他們讓我進(jìn)屋躲過了那場大雨。)
Available, present等形容詞一般放在名詞后面,例如:
They began their experiment based on the data available.
。ㄋ麄兏鶕(jù)現(xiàn)有資料開始了實(shí)驗(yàn)。)
It is such a beautiful scene.(風(fēng)景真實(shí)太美了。)與It is so beautiful a scene. 是不同的語序,相同的意思。(such是形容詞,修飾名詞;so / too是副詞,修飾形容詞或副詞)
注意:只有帶冠詞的結(jié)構(gòu)才能這樣改,例如:It is such awful weather. (天氣真糟糕。)就不能做以上更動(dòng)。
2)附加疑問句(反意疑問句):
英語有陳述句、祈使句、感嘆句和疑問句。
陳述句排列的順序一般為:
主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 狀語,而疑問句則采用倒裝的形式,要熟悉“附加疑問句”以下幾個(gè)“特殊”形式:
Let‘s go and have a walk, shall we?
Please close the windows, will you?
We have to hand in the assignments before Monday morning, don‘t we?
He used to live in that small town during his childhood, didn‘t he?
There used to be a big tree in front of that old house, wasn‘t there?
3)感嘆句:
What a lovely pretty little house (it is)!
How hard she has been working for her Ph.D. degree。ㄋプx博士學(xué)位有多用功。。
4)賓語從句要用陳述句語序,例如:
She couldn‘t remember where she had lost the key. (她不記得把鑰匙丟在哪兒了。)
I really don‘t know where is she.的語序是錯(cuò)的,應(yīng)改為
I really don‘t know where she is.
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